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bidirectional_in-band_communication_in_the_qi_standard [2025/05/01 12:04] – [Digital modulation] tmbidirectional_in-band_communication_in_the_qi_standard [2025/05/01 12:52] (current) – [Amplitude Shift Keying] tm
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 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is used to communicate transmitter data to the receiver. To output a binary one, the frequency of the carrier wave is boosted, while a binary 0 is equal to a lower frequency of the carrier wave. The protocol is applied via an oscillator within the transmitter that oscillates between the two frequencies. The principle behind FSK modulation is shown in Figure 1 and a practical representation of the oscillator can be found in Figure 2 (Ciciora et al., 2004, pp. 138–142; Crecraft & Gergely, 2002, p. 227). Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is used to communicate transmitter data to the receiver. To output a binary one, the frequency of the carrier wave is boosted, while a binary 0 is equal to a lower frequency of the carrier wave. The protocol is applied via an oscillator within the transmitter that oscillates between the two frequencies. The principle behind FSK modulation is shown in Figure 1 and a practical representation of the oscillator can be found in Figure 2 (Ciciora et al., 2004, pp. 138–142; Crecraft & Gergely, 2002, p. 227).
  
-| {{:fsk_modulation_principle.gif?400}}  | {{:oscilator.png?400}}                    | +| {{:fsk_modulation_principle.gif?500}}  | {{:oscilator.png?250}}                    | 
-| Figure 1 FSK modulation principle      | Figure 2 Practical representation of FSK  |+| Figure 1 FSK modulation principle (Wells, n.d.)      | Figure 2 Practical representation of FSK (Crecraft & Gergely, 2002, p. 227)  |
  
-FSK communication for Qi technology includes a typical packet structure between Tx and Rx engaged within [[power_transfer_architecture_of_the_qi_standard|the identification and configuration phase]]. The message begins with a preamble for synchronization. Secondly, a header containing the message type and the length information is given. This is followed by the payload data as a third step and finally the packet concludes a checksum for error detection.+FSK communication for Qi technology includes a typical packet structure between Tx and Rx engaged within [[power_transfer_architecture_of_the_qi_standard|the identification and configuration phase]]. The message begins with a preamble for synchronisation. Secondly, a header containing the message type and the length information is given. This is followed by the payload data as a third step and finally the packet concludes a checksum for error detection.
  
 It is not surprising that Qi implements FSK modulation for transmitter-receiver communication. In fact, this method offers many advantages: It is not surprising that Qi implements FSK modulation for transmitter-receiver communication. In fact, this method offers many advantages:
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 | Figure 3 ASK modulation principle      | Figure 4 2-level keying      | | Figure 3 ASK modulation principle      | Figure 4 2-level keying      |
  
-ASK is preferred for receiver-to-transmitter communication because it consumes less power compared to FSK modulation. Also, switching between two loads can also be easily and compactly integrated into the receiver hardware.+ASK is preferred for receiver-to-transmitter communication because it consumes less power compared to FSK modulation. Also, switching between two loads can be easily and compactly integrated into the receiver hardware.
  
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   * <color #808080>Minnaert, B., Thoen, B., Plets, D., Joseph, W., & Stevens, N. (2018). Wireless energy transfer by means of inductive coupling for dairy cow health monitoring. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 152, 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.07.010</color>   * <color #808080>Minnaert, B., Thoen, B., Plets, D., Joseph, W., & Stevens, N. (2018). Wireless energy transfer by means of inductive coupling for dairy cow health monitoring. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 152, 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.07.010</color>
   * <color #808080>Sagar, A., Kashyap, A., Nasab, M. A., Padmanaban, S., Bertoluzzo, M., Kumar, A., & Blaabjerg, F. (2023). A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Development of Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Electric Vehicle Charging Systems. In IEEE Access (Vol. 11, pp. 83703–83751). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3300475</color>   * <color #808080>Sagar, A., Kashyap, A., Nasab, M. A., Padmanaban, S., Bertoluzzo, M., Kumar, A., & Blaabjerg, F. (2023). A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Development of Wireless Power Transfer Technologies for Electric Vehicle Charging Systems. In IEEE Access (Vol. 11, pp. 83703–83751). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3300475</color>
 +  * <color #808080>Wells, C. J. (n.d.). Digital Modulation (Part One). Https://Www.Technologyuk.Net/Telecommunications/Telecom-Principles/Digital-Modulation-Part-One.Shtml#ID06.</color>
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